Minority Rights in Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis of the Lived Experiences of Religious and Ethnic Minorities

Abstract

This study explores the experiences of religious and ethnic minorities in Pakistan, with a focus on the social, legal and economic discrimination they face. The study utilizes a qualitative research design, comprising 20 in-depth interviews and three focus groups with participants from the Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Baloch, and Hazara communities. The findings reveal pervasive discrimination, with 75% of participants reporting significant barriers in educational settings, including enforced participation in religious activities that contradicted their beliefs. In the employment sector, 60% of Christian and 50% of Hindu participants were confined to low-paying, menial jobs despite being overqualified for these roles. Social exclusion was another major concern, with 85% of participants experiencing verbal abuse and ostracism in public spaces. Legal challenges were underscored by the misuse of blasphemy laws, with 65% of participants expressing fear of false accusations. 75% of participants reported relying on community support networks for emotional and financial assistance. The findings of the study highlight the need for comprehensive reforms in educational policies, employment practices, public awareness, and legal protections to ensure the rights and well-being of minorities in Pakistan.