Abstract
Parallels are often made between the culture of San hunter-gatherers of southern Africa and that of European Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers. Despite different environmental conditions and lifestyles, the fact that both groups live by hunting provides a point of comparison that can afford insights into Ice Age art. Focusing on both groups' hunting relationships with prey animals can illuminate the intermeshing of human and animal traits in Upper Paleolithic art. We can now give a fairly precise account of the cognitive and affective neurological mechanisms that facilitate hunting and that also have an impact on depicting animals.
Works Cited
Bahn, Paul G., and Jean Vertut. 1997. Journey through the Ice Age. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Search in Google Scholar
Bednarik, Robert G.2011. “Ethnographic Analogy in Rock Art Interpretation.”Man in India91 (2): 223–34.Search in Google Scholar
Boehm, Christopher. 1999. Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behaviour. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674028449Search in Google Scholar
Clottes, Jean. 2003. Return to Chauvet. London: Thames and Hudson.Search in Google Scholar
Clottes, Jean. 2013. “Why Did They Draw in Those Caves?”Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture6 (1):7–1410.2752/175169713X13500468476321Search in Google Scholar
de Beaune, Sophie A.2015. “Reasoning Processes in Prehistoric Art Interpretation.” in Prehistoric Art as Prehistoric Culture: Studies in Honour of Professor Rodrigo de Balbín-Behrmann, edited by Primitiva Bueno-Ramírez and Paul G. Bahn, 25–29. Oxford: Archaeopress.10.2307/j.ctvr43m2m.9Search in Google Scholar
Dowson, Thomas A.2007. “Debating Shamanism in Southern African Rock Art: Time to Move on …”Southern African Archaeological Journal62:49–67.Search in Google Scholar
Dunn, Edward J.1931. The Bushman. Griffin: London.Search in Google Scholar
Eliade, Mircea. 1964. Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Translated by Willard R. Trask. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Fritz, Carole, and Gilles Tosello. 2015. “From Gesture to Myth: Artists' Techniques on the Walls of Chauvet Cave.” in Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe,” edited by Randall White and Raphaëlle Bourrillon, with the collaboration of François Bon. Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 8–10, 2013, New York University, P@lethnology, 7:280–314.10.4000/palethnologie.876Search in Google Scholar
Fritz, Carole2016. “La grotte Chauvet livre encore des secrets.”Hors-série La Recherche17:80–83.Search in Google Scholar
Guenther, Mathias. 2003. “Contemporary Bushman Art, Identity Politics and the Primitivism Discourse.”Anthropologica45(1): 95–110.10.2307/25606117Search in Google Scholar
Guenther, Mathias. 2005. “San Spirituality Roots, Expressions, and Social Consequences” (book review). Before Farming2 (6): 1–4.10.3828/bfarm.2005.2.6Search in Google Scholar
Hahn, Joachim. 1986. Kraft und Aggression: Die Botschaft der Eiszeitkunst in Aurignacien?Tübingen: Archaeologica Venatoria.Search in Google Scholar
Helvenston, Patricia A., and Derek Hodgson. 2010. “The Neuropsychology of ‘Animism’: Implications for Understanding Rock Art.”Rock Art Research27 (1): 61–94.Search in Google Scholar
Herva, Vesa-Pekka, and Timo Ylimaunu. 2009. “Folk Beliefs, Special Deposits, and Engagement with the Environment in Early Modern Northern Finland.”Journal of Anthropological Archaeology28 (2): 234–43.10.1016/j.jaa.2009.02.001Search in Google Scholar
Hill, Erica. 2011. “Animals as Agents: Hunting Ritual and Relational Ontologies in Prehistoric Alaska and Chukotka.”Cambridge Archaeological Journal21 (3): 407–26.10.1017/S0959774311000448Search in Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian. 2010. “Probing Religion at Çatalhöyük: An Interdisciplinary Experiment.” in Religion in the Emergence of Civilization, edited by Ian Hodder, 1–31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511761416.001Search in Google Scholar
Hodgson, Derek. 2003. “Seeing the ‘Unseen’: Fragmented Cues and the Implicit in Paleolithic Art.”Cambridge Archaeological Journal13(1):97–106. doi:10.1017/S0959774303000064.10.1017/S0959774303000064Search in Google Scholar
Hodgson, Derek. 2008. “The Visual Dynamics of Upper Paleolithic Cave Art.”Cambridge Archaeological Journal18 (3): 341–53. doi:10.1017/S0959774308000401.10.1017/S0959774308000401Search in Google Scholar
Hodgson, Derek. 2013. “The Visual Brain, Perception, and the Depiction of Animals in Rock Art.”Journal of Archaeology (Article ID 342801). doi:10.1155/2013/342801.10.1155/2013/342801Search in Google Scholar
Hodgson, Derek. 2016. “Deciphering Patterns in the Archaeology of South Africa: The Neurovisual Resonance Theory.” in Cognitive Models in Paleolithic Archaeology, edited by Thomas Wynn and Frederick L. Coolidge, 133–56. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190204112.003.0007Search in Google Scholar
Hodgson, Derek, and Patricia A. Helvenston. 2006. “The Emergence of the Representation of Animals in Palaeoart: Insights from Evolution and the Cognitive, Limbic and Visual Systems of the Human Brain.”Rock Art Research23 (1):3–40.Search in Google Scholar
Hodgson, Derek, and Benjamin Watson. 2015. “The Visual Brain and the Early Depiction of Animals in Europe and Southeast Asia.”World Archaeology 47 (5): 776–91. doi:10.1080/00438243.2015.1074871.10.1080/00438243.2015.1074871Search in Google Scholar
Ingold, Tim. 1987. “Hunting, Sacrifice and the Domestication of Animals.” in The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations, edited by Tim Ingold, 243–76. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.Search in Google Scholar
Ingold, Tim. 2000. “From Trust to Domination: An Alternative History of Human–Animal Relations.” in The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill, edited by Tim Ingold, 61–76. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Ingold, Tim. 2006. “Rethinking the Animate, Re-Animating Thought.”Ethos71 (1):9–20. doi:10.1080/00141840600603111.10.1080/00141840600603111Search in Google Scholar
Jones, Nicholas Blurton, and Konner, Melvin J.1976. “!Kung Knowledge of Animal Behaviour.” in Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers, edited by Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVorre, 325–48. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Katz, Richard. 1976. “Education and Transcendence: !Kia-Healing with the Kalahari !Kung.” in Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers, edited by Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVorre, 281–301. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.4159/harvard.9780674430600.c21Search in Google Scholar
Kehoe, Alice B.2000. Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.Search in Google Scholar
Kelly, Robert L.2013. The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139176132Search in Google Scholar
Lee, Richard B.1979. The !Kung San. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc. 2006. “D'un certain usage du comparatisme ethnographique.” in Chamanismes et arts préhistoriques—vision critique, edited by Michel Lorblanchet, Jean-Loïc Le Quellec, Paul G. Bahn and Henri-Paul Francfort, 274–76. Paris: Errance.Search in Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, André. 1995. Les religions de la prehistoire. Paris: Quadrige/PUF.Search in Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David. 1991. “Wrestling with Analogy: A Methodological Dilemma in Upper Paleolithic Art Research.”Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society57:149–62. doi:10.1017/S0079497X00004941.10.1017/S0079497X00004941Search in Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David. 2002. The Mind in the Cave. London: Thames and Hudson.Search in Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David. 2013. “Southern African Rock Art and Beyond: A Personal Perspective.”Time and Mind6 (1): 41–48. doi:10.2752/175169713X13500468476529.10.2752/175169713X13500468476529Search in Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David. 2015a. “San Rock Art.”Expression8:90–95.Search in Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David. 2015b. “Art, Religion and Myth: Were They Interrelated in Upper Paleolithic Times?”Expression10:36–40.Search in Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David, and Megan Biesele. 1978. “Eland Hunting Rituals among Northern and Southern San Groups: Striking Similarities.”Africa48 (2): 117–34. doi:10.2307/1158603.10.2307/1158603Search in Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David, and Jean Clottes. 1996. “Upper Paleolithic Cave Art: French and South African Collaboration.”Cambridge Archaeological Journal6 (1): 137–39. doi:10.1017/S0959774300001633.10.1017/S0959774300001633Search in Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David, and Thomas A. Dowson. 1988. “The Signs of All Times: Entoptic Phenomena in Upper Paleolithic Art.”Current Anthropology24:201–45. doi:10.1086/203629.10.1086/203629Search in Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David, and David G. Pearce. 2015. “San Rock Art: Evidence and Argument.”Antiquity89:732–39. doi:10.15184/aqy.2014.51.10.15184/aqy.2014.51Search in Google Scholar
Low, Chris. 2014. “Khoe-San Ethnography, ‘New Animism’ and the Interpretation of Southern African Rock Art.”South African Archaeological Bulletin69 (200): 164–72.Search in Google Scholar
Markowitsch, Hans J., and Angelica Staniloiu. 2011. “Amygdala in Action: Relaying Biological and Social Significance to Autobiographical Memory.”Neuropsychologia49 (4): 718–33. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.007.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.007Search in Google Scholar
Malafouris, Lambros. 2007. “Before and beyond Representation: Towards an Enactive Conception of the Paleolithic Image.” in Image and Imagination, edited by Colin Renfrew and Iain Morley, 287–300. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.Search in Google Scholar
Malafouris, Lambros. 2015. “Metaplasticity and the Primacy of Material Engagement.”Time and Mind8 (4): 351–71. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2015.1111564.10.1080/1751696X.2015.1111564Search in Google Scholar
Marshall, Lorna J.1976. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.4159/harvard.9780674180574Search in Google Scholar
Marshall, Lorna J.1999. Nyae Nyae !Kung Beliefs and Rites. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Mormann, Florian, Julien Dubois, Simon Kornblith, Milica Milosavljevic, Moran Cerf, Matias Ison, Naotsugu Tsuchiya, Alexander Kraskov, Rodrogo Quian Quiroga, Ralph Adolphs, Itzhak Fried, and Christof Koch. 2012. “A Category-Specific Response to Animals in the Right Human Amygdala.”Nature Neuroscience14 (10): 1247–49. doi:10.1038/nn.2899.10.1038/nn.2899Search in Google Scholar
New, Joshua, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby. 2007. “Category Specific Attention for Animals Reflects Ancestral Priorities, Not Expertise.”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA104:16598–16603. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703913104.10.1073/pnas.0703913104Search in Google Scholar
Onians, John. 2007. “Neuroarchaeology and the Origins of Representation in the Grotte de Chauvet: A Neural Approach to Archaeology.” in Image and Imagination: A Global Prehistory of Figurative Representation, edited by Colin Renfrew and lain Morley, 307–20. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research (McDonald Institute Monographs).Search in Google Scholar
Orpen, Joseph Millerd. 1874. “A Glimpse into the Mythology of the Maluti Bushmen.”Cape Monthly Magazine9:1–13.Search in Google Scholar
Pargeter, Justin, Alex MacKay, Peter Mitchell, John Shea, and Brian A. Stewart. 2016. “Primordialism and the ‘Pleistocene San’ of Southern Africa.”Antiquity90 (352): 1072–79. doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.100.10.15184/aqy.2016.100Search in Google Scholar
Paulson, I.1968. “The Preservation of Animal Bones in the Hunting Rites of Some North-Eurasian Peoples.” in Popular Beliefs and Folklore Tradition in Siberia, edited by Vilmost Diószegi, 451–57. The Hague: Mouton.10.1515/9783112414545-029Search in Google Scholar
Pettitt, Paul, Alfredo M. Castillejo, Pablo Arias, Roberto O. Peredo, and Rebecca Harrison. 2015“New Views on Old Hands: The Context of Stencils in El Castillo and La Garma Caves (Cantabria, Spain).”Antiquity88:47–63. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00050213.10.1017/S0003598X00050213Search in Google Scholar
Prins, F. E.2009. “Secret San of the Drakensberg and Their Rock Art Legacy.”Critical Arts23 (2): 190–208. doi:10.1080/02560040903016917.10.1080/02560040903016917Search in Google Scholar
Ray, Patrick H. (1892) 1988. “Ethnographic Sketch of the Natives of Point Barrow.” in Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition, 37–60. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Search in Google Scholar
Robert-Lamblin, Joëlle. 2003. “An Anthropological View.” in Return to Chauvet Cave, edited by Jean Clottes, 200–207. London: Thames and Hudson.Search in Google Scholar
Rossano, Matt. J.2007. “Supernaturalizing Social Life: Religion and the Evolution of Human Cooperation.”Human Nature18(3): 272–94. doi:10.1007/s12110-007-9002-4.10.1007/s12110-007-9002-4Search in Google Scholar
Russell, Nerissa. 2016. “Neolithic Animal-Human Relations.”Groniek206/207:21–32.Search in Google Scholar
Serpell, James A.2005. “Animals and Religion: Towards a Unifying Theory.” in The Human-Animal Relationship, edited by Freek de Jonge and R. Van den Bos, 9–23. Assen, Netherlands: Royal Van Gorcum.Search in Google Scholar
Sharpe, Kevin, and Van Gelder, Leslie. 2006. ”The Study of Finger Flutings.”Cambridge Archaeological Journal16:281–95. doi:10.1017/S0959774306000175.10.1017/S0959774306000175Search in Google Scholar
Solomon, Anne. 2008. “Myths, Making, and Consciousness Differences and Dynamics in San Rock Art.”Current Anthropology49(1): 59–86. doi:10.1086/523677.10.1086/523677Search in Google Scholar
Solomon, Anne. 2011. “Writing San Histories: The /Xam and ‘Shamanism’ Revisited.”Journal of Southern African Studies37 (1): 99–117. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.552548.10.1080/03057070.2011.552548Search in Google Scholar
Solomon, Anne. 2013. “The Death of Trance: Recent Perspectives on San Ethnographies and Rock Arts.”Antiquity87:1208–13. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00049978.10.1017/S0003598X00049978Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, Elizabeth M.1989. The Harmless People. New York: Vintage.Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, Elizabeth M.2003. “The Lion/Bushman Relationship in Nyae Nyae in the 1950s: A Relationship Crafted in the Old Way.”Anthropologica45 (1): 73–78. doi:10.2307/25606114.10.2307/25606114Search in Google Scholar
Thackeray, J. Francis. 2005. “The Wounded Roan: A Contribution to the Relation of Hunting and Trance in Southern African Rock Art.”Antiquity79 (303): 5–18. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00113663.10.1017/S0003598X00113663Search in Google Scholar
Wengrow, David, and Graeber, David. 2015. “Farewell to the ‘Childhood of Man’: Ritual, Seasonality, and the Origins ofInequality.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute21 (3):597–691. doi:10.1111/1467–9655.12247.10.1111/1467-9655.12247Search in Google Scholar
Whitehouse, Harvey. 2002. “Modes of Religiosity: Towards a Cognitive Explanation of the Sociopolitical Dynamics of Religion.”Method and Theory in the Study of Religion14:293–315. doi:10.1163/157006802320909738.10.1163/157006802320909738Search in Google Scholar
Whitehouse, Harvey. 2004. Modes of Religiosity: A Cognitive Theory of Religious Transmission. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira.Search in Google Scholar
Whitehouse, Harvey. 2012. “Ritual, Cognition, and Evolution.” in Grounding the Social Sciences in the Cognitive Sciences, edited by Ron Sun, 265–84. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Whitehouse, Harvey, and Hodder, Ian. 2010. “Religion in the Emergence of Civilization.” in Modes of Religiosity at Çatalhöyük, edited by Ian Hodder, 122–45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511761416.005Search in Google Scholar
Wiessner, Polly W.“Embers of Society: Firelight Talk among the Ju/'hoansi Bushmen.”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA111 (39): 14027–35. doi:10.1073/pnas.1404212111.10.1073/pnas.1404212111Search in Google Scholar
© 2017 Academic Studies Press