Optimising Pyrolysis Synthesis of Biochar-Like Graphene Nano Sheets (BLG) from Coconut Shell: Morphological, Crystallinity, and Yield Analysis

Abstract

This study investigates the synthesis of biochar-like graphene nanosheets (BLG) from coconut shells using a two-stage pyrolysis method. Due to its exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, graphene is increasingly being explored for applications in energy storage and flexible electronics. By varying pyrolysis temperatures (300°C–400°C) and durations, the study identifies optimal conditions for yield and material quality. The second-stage pyrolysis at 400°C produced BLG with enhanced carbon content, reduced defects, and improved crystallinity, as confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS analyses. The highest yield of 27.5% was achieved under the 400°C/1-hour condition, showcasing the potential of coconut shell-derived BLG as a sustainable, cost-effective material for advanced applications. This research highlights the feasibility of utilizing coconut shells for producing high-quality graphene materials, contributing to the development of environmentally friendly carbon nanomaterials.