Strengthening Bloodborne Pathogens Safety in Healthcare Knowledge, Practice Gaps, and Policy Solutions: A Literature Review

Abstract

Healthcare workers(HCWs) face a significant risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens (BBPs), including HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV), due to close patient interactions and handling of biological materials. Understanding these risks and following preventive protocols is critical for protecting the health of both workers and patients. This literature review explores the challenges healthcare workers encounter, such as knowledge gaps and attitudinal and practice barriers, and emphasizes the importance of fostering a safety-centered institutional culture. It also discusses the role of employers in implementing policies and regulatory measures that reduce occupational exposure risks and support ongoing preventive training. Recommendations include long-term strategies such as integrating modern technology, enhancing adherence to preventive protocols, and developing sustainable occupational health programs to minimize BBP exposure.