Management of the Care of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: An Overview of Pharmacist Role, Challenges, Barriers, Innovations and Future Directions

Abstract

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an ongoing health issue that brings about a decline in kidney capabilities, considerably increasing health risks, notably cardiovascular concerns and premature passing. The diagnosis of CKD comes from observing a lower glomerular filtration rate and detecting proteinuria, which shows kidney harm. The ailment evolves in five phases, finishing with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), demanding either dialysis or a transplant for treatment. Optimal management focuses on early identification, regulation of blood pressure, and specialized treatment to decelerate progression and enhance outcomes. Chronic kidney disease is a concern for over 10% of people globally, representing more than 800 million individuals, with a greater prevalence noted in older adults, females, and diverse racial groups. In nations with limited resources, chronic glomerulonephritis and hypertension emerge as key health problems, whereas affluent countries see diabetic nephropathy as a pressing matter. Escalating obesity, diabetes, and hypertension rates are propelling the increase in CKD cases, likely to impact 16.7% of adults by 2030. This trajectory highlights the necessity for improved public health initiatives, including early diagnostic screenings and educational outreach programs. Tackling the complexities of CKD necessitates cooperative strategies to lessen its health ramifications, enhance patient quality of life, and diminish related cardiovascular threats. Prompt intervention by primary care practitioners is essential for the realization of these objectives. Objective: An overview of the Epidemiology, Prevalence, Stages, and Progression of CKD. Methods: A comprehensive review of Pharmacy Practice in the Care of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. The PUBMED and Google Scholar search engines were the main databases used for the search process, with articles collected from 1999 to 2024. Conclusion: Effective management requires early detection, timely specialist referrals, and comprehensive treatment strategies to slow progression and improve outcomes.