Principles, Legal Nature, and Elements of Civil Liability for the Spread of Rumors on Social Media

Abstract

This study examines the principles, legal nature, and elements of civil liability associated with the spread of rumors on social media, emphasizing their significant societal and individual impacts. Rumors exploit ambiguity and misinformation to undermine trust, destabilize public opinion, and threaten state security. Social media has amplified the reach of electronic rumors, transforming them into potent tools of psychological warfare. This research categorizes rumors into types such as creeping, impulsive, hate-driven, defamatory, terrorism-related, and politically and economically motivated, each with distinct characteristics and consequences. For instance, hate rumors incite sectarian conflicts, while political rumors manipulate public perception during crises, as seen in fabrications used to justify international conflicts. Economic rumors destabilize markets, causing panic and financial losses, while social rumors inflict psychological and reputational harm, often targeting individuals through defamation or blackmail. Social media platforms, while fostering communication, serve as breeding grounds for misinformation due to their global reach and lack of regulation. Islamic teachings provide a framework for addressing the dangers of rumors, highlighting their destructive consequences, from societal instability to moral erosion. The Quran explicitly prohibits rumor-mongering, emphasizing its role in spreading fear, distrust, and chaos. This study calls for adaptive legal frameworks and increased public awareness to combat the spread of false information, particularly in the digital age, where misinformation can propagate rapidly. By understanding the mechanisms and consequences of rumors, societies can develop effective strategies to mitigate their harm and preserve social stability, trust, and public order.