Social, Economic, And Environmental Impacts Of Tourism In Kumrat Valley (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the social, economic, and environmental impacts of tourism development in the Dir region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. To achieve this objective, primary data were collected from 600 respondents—including local residents, shopkeepers, tourists, and hotel managers—through a well-structured and detailed questionnaire. A convenience sampling technique was employed for data collection. Using binary logistic regression and marginal effects analysis, the study investigates how tourism affects key development outcomes such as waste generation, crime perception, and economic benefit. The findings reveal that the number of family members visiting, the purpose of visit (e.g., recreation), and the perceived increase in tourist arrivals are significantly associated with higher probabilities of environmental degradation and crime. Group-based and leisure tourism are particularly impactful in this regard. Conversely, respondents who associate tourism with knowledge exchange are less likely to report environmental harm, suggesting that educational and responsible tourism can mitigate negative effects. While tourism is generally perceived as economically beneficial—especially with increased tourist footfall—concerns arise over inflation and the unequal distribution of employment opportunities. The study highlights the dual nature of tourism: while it contributes to local economic development, it also presents pressing environmental and social challenges. The findings underscore the need for targeted policy interventions that promote sustainable tourism, ensure inclusive economic benefits, and strengthen local capacity to manage the social and ecological pressures brought by increased tourist activity.