Steam Approach In Primary Education: A Comprehensive Synthesis Of Implementation Approaches, Outcomes, And Critical Debates In Latin America

Abstract

The STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) educational approach has emerged as a transformative pedagogical strategy that integrates multiple disciplines to promote dynamic learning connected to real-world contexts. In primary education, STEAM implementation leverages children's natural curiosity and exploratory tendencies, offering unique opportunities for meaningful interdisciplinary learning that develops critical 21st-century skills. This study examines the implementation of STEAM as a cross-curricular teaching strategy in primary education across Latin America, seeking to identify benefits, challenges, and effective practices in the teaching-learning process. A qualitative documentary analysis was conducted following established methodological guidelines, systematically reviewing academic articles related to STEAM implementation in educational contexts. The selection process utilized inclusion and exclusion criteria prioritizing content relevance and academic quality, with data collection from databases including Google Scholar, Scielo, ResearchGate, Dialnet, and Redalyc across eight Latin American countries.

The analysis revealed that STEAM enhances development of key competencies including critical thinking (92% of studies), creativity (88%), collaborative skills (84%), and problem-solving abilities (80%). Project-based learning emerged as the most effective implementation approach, while technology integration proved valuable when used as educational tools rather than primary focus. However, significant challenges were identified related to teacher preparation gaps and curriculum rigidity. STEAM demonstrates robust potential for transforming primary education through interdisciplinary integration that promotes meaningful learning. Success depends critically on comprehensive teacher professional development, flexible curricula allowing interdisciplinary projects, and institutional support structures.